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Tuesday, 13 October 2020 14:53

ICE-MEMORY

Ice Memory is an international Research Project, recognized by UNESCO, which aims to preserve a testimony from current glaciers, threatened by global warming, for future generations. The project aims to collect ice cores from glaciers all over the world and to store them in a library to preserve the information that such real archives of past eras can provide. For this purpose, a site has been set up in Antarctica, where the cores will be transferred and stored to safeguard the information contained therein for future generations of scientists.

Starting in 2015 various core drilling campaigns in different parts of the planet have been performed:
  - Col du Dôme, Mt Bianco, Italy
  - Nevajo Illimani, Bolivia
  - Mt Elbrus, Georgia
  - Altai, Russia
  - Grand Combin, Switzerland

Contact person: carlo.barbante AT cnr.it
For further information visit www.ice-memory.org

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Tuesday, 13 October 2020 14:24

Moorings South Adriatic

Ancoraggi strumentati Sud Adriatico - ULTIMO TITOLO Ancoraggio Strumentato Permanente Adriatico (ex) MSA AGGIORAMENTO 2023

Description of Southern Adriatic Sea Observing Site

The southern Adriatic is the deepest part of the Adriatic Sea with a maximum depth of 1200 m. In its western side, surface waters coming from the northern Adriatic spread southward along the Italian coast, whereas the surface Ionian waters flow along the eastern margin of the basin. Below the surface layer, the MLIW (Modified Levantine Intermediate Water), from the Eastern Mediterranean basin, enters the Adriatic Sea on the eastern side of the Otranto Strait, at 200-600 m depth.
The southern Adriatic is a site of dense water formation. The Adriatic Deep Water (AdDW) is generated through deep vertical convection, caused by surface heat losses following cold continental wind events occurring in late winter. Occasionally, the North Adriatic Deep Water (NAdDW), produced by surface heat loss and evaporation driven by Bora storms during winter in the Northern Adriatic Sea, contribute to the AdDW. The NAdDW constitutes the densest waters of the whole Easter Mediterranean, it flows mostly along the western shelf of the central Adriatic Sea as a bottom-arrested density current and arrives to the Gargano Peninsula after 2–4 months since it has been produced. Recently shorter arrival times (3-4 weeks) have been observed. Once it reaches the edge of the continental shelf it sinks toward the center of the Southern Adriatic along the slope in front of the Gargano promontory or through the Bari canyon, carrying dissolved oxygen, nutrients, particulate matter, and pollutants to deep benthic ecosystems.

With the aim to monitor the arrival and the path of the dense waters coming from the northern Adriatic shelf, an observational system has been positioned based on three mooring lines: BB, EE and FF. This observational system has been activated and financed since 2004 by various scientific projects (EU-EuroSTRATAFORM, EU-HERMIONE, PRIN-OBAMA, EU-Perseus, EU-CoCoNet, Italian Flagship Project Ritmare (SP5-WP5-AZ3) and Italian Marine Strategy. In addition, these oceanographic moorings are part of the Italian Fixed Point Observatory Network (IFON) and, are supported by Planning and Grant Office of the CNR.
Since 2021, sites BB and FF, have become part of the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory European-Research Infrastructure Consortium (EMSO-ERIC) as Regional Facility in the southern Adriatic Sea consisting of moorings BB and FF and observational site E2M3A operated by OGS Trieste. EMSO-ERIC is a European "diffuse" research infrastructure for ocean observation (https://emso.eu/), which enables long-term and also real-time monitoring of ocean processes. It consists of a system of Regional Facilities located at strategic marine sites in the European seas, Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. Each site is equipped with multidisciplinary sensors placed on the seafloor and along the water column to continuously measure physical and bio-geochemical parameters that enable understanding and description of marine ecosystems, the monitoring of climate change, and provide information related to natural hazards. Participation in the EMSO-ERIC consortium also includes measurement of vertical fluxes of particulate matter, via of No. 2 sediment traps, in the deep mooring of the E2-M3A observatory (operated by OGS Trieste) located in the center of the Southern Adriatic Pit.

Participation in EMSO-ERIC is also supported by the activities of the consortium's Italian Joint Research Unit (https://www.emsoitalia.it/). Finally, the BB mooring is part of the Network of Long-term Continuous Measurements of Mediterranean Deepwater Temperature and Salinity (CIESM Hydrochanges Program).
The location of the sites was chosen upon the integration of morpho-bathymetric observations that defined the areas in which the passage of dense waters was more likely with forecasts based on the modeling of the outflow of the North Adriatic dense waters. The BB mooring is located in the northern branch of the Bari canyon, the EE mooring is located in an erosional area west of Dauno seamount, at about 1200m depth, and the FF mooring is on the continental slope in front of the Gargano promontory. Oceanographic sensors are fixed at different heights in the deepest part of the water column (Mooring BB).
The facilities are located offshore and can only be reached by ship. The nearest main docking port is Bari. Site BB is about 20 nm from the port, site FF is about 40 nm, site EE is 45 nm and site E2M3A is about 60 nm.
The instruments are equipped with internal memory and power supply. Oceanographic data are downloaded in delayed mode during mooring maintenance, which occurs semi-annually or annually. During maintenance, the moorings are retrieved to perform data offloading, trap sample collection, battery replacement, and functionality verification prior to redeployment. Such servicing have been performed using several CNR research vessels (R/V Urania, R/V Minerva Uno, and N/O G. Dallaporta) or ships of opportunity as part of the experimental activities of the aforementioned projects.
People involved: Stefano Miserocchi (stefano.miserocchi AT cnr.it), Leonardo Langone e Patrizia Giordano.

Data

Approximately six months after the servicing, data are available in their final form, following manual quality control procedures, metadata and storage in ISP-BO's internal data center. The acquired timeseries are post-processed to remove spikes, checked for consistency, and filtered to remove the effect of the tide (low pass filter). Periodic calibration of the sensors and comparison with measurements made from ship is also performed.
The data obtained, accompanied by metadata according to the conventions OceanSITES v1.4, SeaDataNet_1.0, COARDS and CF-1.6 are available in a plurality of formats (ASCII, NetCDF 3, NetCDF 4) through the ERDDAP data server: https://bo.isp.cnr.it/erddap/index.html.
The data produced by the South Adriatic observative site will also be available to the scientific community through the Data Portal of the EMSO-ERIC infrastructure, which includes appropriate visualization and representation tools.
Data manager: Giulio Verazzo (giulio.verazzo AT isp.cnr.it)

Main scientific references

Paladini de Mendoza, F., Schroeder, K., Langone, L., Chiggiato, J., Borghini, M., Giordano, P., Verazzo, G., and Miserocchi, S.: Deep-water hydrodynamic observations of two moorings sites on the continental slope of the southern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5617–5635, DOI, 2022.

Paladini de Mendoza Francesco, Katrin Schroeder, Leonardo Langone, Jacopo Chiggiato, Mireno Borghini, Patrizia Giordano, Giulio Verazzo, & Stefano Miserocchi. (2022). Moored current and temperature measurements in the Southern Adriatic Sea at mooring site BB and FF, March 2012-June 2020 (1.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. zenodo.7311090

Miserocchi Stefano, Leonardo Langone, Patrizia Giordano, Vanessa Cardin, Ilaria Conese, Anna Sanchez-Vidal, Giulio Verazzo, & Francesco Paladini de Mendoza. (2022). Biogeochemical data of sinking particulate matter collected by sediment traps at E2M3A mooring (2013-2020) in the Southern Adriatic Sea [Data set]. Zenodo. zenodo.7473396

Paladini de Mendoza, Francesco, Schroeder, Katrin, Langone, Leonardo, Chiggiato, Jacopo, Borghini, Mireno, Giordano, Patrizia, & Miserocchi, Stefano. (2023). Moored echo and turbidity measurements in the Southern Adriatic Sea at mooring site BB and FF, March 2012-June 2020 [Data set]. Zenodo. zenodo.7586134

Paladini de Mendoza Francesco, Katrin Schroeder, Leonardo Langone, Stefano Miserocchi, Mireno Borghini, Patrizia Giordano, Alessandro Amorosi, Jacopo Chiggiato. 2022. Sediment Resuspension and transport processes during dense water cascading events along the continental margin of the southern Adriatic. Submitted to Marine Geology (under revision). Ref.: Ms. No. MARGO-D-22-00290

Langone, L., Conese, I.; Miserocchi, S.; Boldrin, A.; Bonaldo, D.; Carniel, S.; Chiggiato, J.; Turchetto, M.; Borghini, M.; Tesi, T. (2016) Dynamics of particles along the western margin of the Southern Adriatic: Processes involved in transferring particulate matter to the deep basin, Marine Geology,375,28-43. - DOI

Turchetto, M., Boldrin, A., Langone, L., Miserocchi, S. (2012) Physical and biogeochemical processes controlling particle fluxes variability and carbon export in the Southern Adriatic, Continental Shelf Research, 44, 72-82. - DOI

Turchetto M., A. Boldrin, L. Langone, S. Miserocchi, T. Tesi, F. Foglini (2007) Particle transport in the Bari Canyon (southern Adriatic Sea), Marine Geology Volume 246, Issues 2-4, EUROSTRATAFORM: Role and functioning of Canyons, Pages 231-247. - DOI

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Tuesday, 13 October 2020 13:27

MDI

A permanent instrumented mooring has been installed in the inner part of Kongsfjorden (Svalbard Islands) at a depth of about 100 m with the aim of studying the intensity and composition of the flows of particles falling to the sea bottom, while monitoring the main physical properties of the water column. The mooring called Dirigibile Italia (MDI) was first installed in September 2010 and is serviced annually. The data acquired and stored by the various instruments are downloaded during maintenance, checked for QA/QC and uploaded to the Italian Article Data Center (IADC).
A 10-year time series of data for climate purposes is currently available.
MDI allows us to continuously monitor the variations of the thermohaline characteristics of:
a) surface water from glacier melting;
b) intermediate water that derives from the intrusion of Atlantic-type water;
c) bottom water produced locally during the winter.
Furthermore, through the collection of particulate matter, information is acquired on sedimentary processes and interactions between water and particulate matter with microzooplankton, glaciers and coastal runoff. The complex interplay between the processes that drive the input of native (marine) and alien (terrestrial) particles into Kongsfjorden has now been understood, some interpretations of possible future changes in particle flows for Arctic fjords in a warming scenario global can be suggested.

The oceanographic sensors on MDI are positioned along the mooring at different levels in the water column. The list of measured parameters includes:
- water temperature at 25, 36, 54, 62, 85 and 92 m
- speed and direction of currents at 37 and 93 m
- conductivity / salinity at 25 and 85 m
- turbidity and dissolved oxygen at 85 m
- total mass and particulate organic carbon flows at 83 m.
A hydrological survey is also performed every year, mainly during the summer, to obtain a seasonal picture of the spatial distribution of the different water masses in the fjord. For this purpose, a grid of about 15 stations is repeatedly measured for the main chemical-physical characteristics of the water masses: temperature, conductivity and turbidity.

MS1 and ID2

The water masses in the eastern Fram Strait are strongly influenced by the interaction between the Atlantic and Arctic waters, and by local atmospheric forcing. They clearly contribute to driving thermohaline circulation on a global scale. There is considerable variability in the system due to the different forcings (for example, atmospheric, internal, tidal, shelf dynamics) that play an important role, especially in the most superficial layer of the ocean. On the contrary, it is not entirely clear which processes are responsible for the inter-annual and seasonal variability of the deep flow in the western Spitsbergen offshore region.

To this end, in 2014 the oceanographic deep-sea mooring called MS1 was permanently installed, located southwest of Svalbard at about 1040 m depth (Lat. 76° 26.28'N Lon. 13° 56.91'E) in a joint effort between CNR and OGS. Long-term time series are essential for studying climate change, particularly in polar areas, which are extremely sensitive to global warming and sea / land ice melt. A twin mooring, called ID2, was placed 140 km north of anchor MS1 at approximately the same water depth in the years 2014-2016 and 2017-2018, in order to monitor spatial differences of in the properties and dynamics of the water along the Spitsbergen margin.

These undersea infrastructures represent the continuation of the experiment conducted in 2010-2011 as part of the EU-Hermione project with the launching of four moorings for one year along the Storfjorden continental slope to monitor the shelf-fjord exchanges and the platform dense water cascading events.

The MS1 and ID2 mooring are serviced annually by various research vessels (R/V Helmer Hansen, GO SARS, Polarstern, Alliance), and are supported by international collaborations and numerous projects/initiatives: EU-Eurofleets (PREPARED, BURSTER projects), the Italian PNRA program (DEFROST project). Since 2017, they are also supported by the IIM HIGH NORTH Italian Navy program managed by the Hydrographic Institute of the Navy (IIM) in collaboration with the Center for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE-NATO).

Data from MS1 and ID2 were used to contribute to the first two issues of The State of Environmental Science in Svalbard - an annual report (SESS Report) published by SIOS (Svalbard Integrated Observing System) in 2018 and 2019 (SOA project). Mooring data are downloaded in delayed mode during mooring maintenance, checked for QA/QC and stored in the OGS NODC data center with connection to SeaDataNet. At present, the data on temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity and horizontal currents cover a time period from June 2014 to October 2019. Information on sedimentary processes and interactions with mesozooplankton, glaciers and coastal runoff are acquired by collecting the particulate that sinks along the water column using automatic sediment traps.

Oceanographic sensors are tied to different levels in the deepest part of the water column. The list of parameters measured in the MS1 anchoring in its most recent configuration (v2019) includes:
- water temperature at 894, 909, 984, 1009 and 1115 m
- speed and direction of currents at 909, 984 and 1015 m
- conductivity/salinity and dissolved oxygen at 1009 m
- total mass and particulate organic carbon fluxes at 1009 m.

The time series of temperature and salinity are checked by comparing them with the data of the CTD drops performed before and after maintenance of the mooring.
The main institutions involved are: CNR with CNR-ISP and CNR-ISMAR, OGS and IIM.

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Tuesday, 13 October 2020 10:33

BSRN

The BSRN was created to improve the quality of measurements of the Earth-atmosphere radiative fluxes that determine the thermal conditions and circulation of the atmosphere and the ocean. The ISP manages this observatory at the Italian-French Concordia station in Antarctica. Installed in 2006, the BSRN was funded by the PNRA and consists of a series of passive instruments (radiometers and photometers) that measure different components of the radiation balance (both in the solar and infrared spectrum), including the surface albedo.
In addition to these measurements, during the austral summer, the columnar content of aerosols is also measured by means of an SP02sun photometer, and the ultraviolet radiation spectrum by a UV-RAD radiometer, from which it is possible to obtain the ozone concentration, along the entire atmospheric column. Other measurements that are carried out as part of the observatory's activities are in collaboration with the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) and concern the physical and optical properties of atmospheric particulate matter at ground level: its diffusion, absorption coefficients and dimensional distribution.

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Tuesday, 13 October 2020 09:29

Pescatore Tanita

Pescatore Tanita Tanita Pescatore has a degree in Ecobiology (LM) at the University of Rome “La Sapienza” and is attending a PhD in Ecology and Sustainable Management of Environmental Resources at the University of Tuscia, (Viterbo).
Her research activities are focused on the dynamics and fate of some organic pollutants (anionic surfactants and pesticides) in soils in different exposure scenarios, on their effect on the natural microbial community and on the behaviour of terrestrial organisms, in particular earthworms (E. foetida).
She has gained experience in the study of the occurrence, distribution, persistence and fate of organic micro-pollutants (PAHs, PCBs, NPs, pharmaceutical residues i.e. antibiotics) in different compartments (surface waters, sediments, suspended matter, soils) and on their possible interactions with biota, through the development and validation of selective analytical methodologies (e.g. GC-MS).

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Tuesday, 13 October 2020 09:15

Spataro Francesca

Spataro Francesca Francesca Spataro graduated in Chemistry and gained a PhD in Chemical Sciences Program at the Sapienza University in Rome; she has worked firstly with research fellows and then with a fixed-term research contract from 2005 to 2016, at the Institute on Atmospheric Pollution Research of the National Research Council (IIA-CNR). From 2016 to 2018, she carried out her research activities at the Water Research Institute (IRSA-CNR), and from 1 August 2019 she is working at the Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP-CNR), Research Area of Rome - Montelibretti .
Dr. Spataro has gained experience in field monitoring campaigns in polar (Arctic) and temperate regions, through National and International projects.
Her research activities focus on:
- Formation, transport and removal processes of gaseous and particulate nitrogenous and halogenated inorganic pollutants.
- Heterogeneous processes involving nitrogen contaminants (especially NO_x, NH₃, HONO, HNO₃).
- Study of the persistence of legacy and emerging organic micro-pollutants in different environmental compartments.
- Development and optimization of analytical methods for the determination of emerging organic contaminants (in particular pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics).
- Determination of persistent and emerging organic micropollutants in different environmental matrices through the combination of extraction techniques (pressurized liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, separatory funnels) with analytical techniques (spectrometry, HPLC coupled with UV detection, fluorescence and mass spectrometry).

Scopus - Author ID: 36605258800

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Tuesday, 13 October 2020 09:03

Patrolecco Luisa

Patrolecco Luisa She graduated in Chemistry in 1993 at the University of Rome "La Sapienza". From 1996 to 2019 she worked at the Water Research Institute (IRSA-CNR) as responsible of the laboratory for the analysis of Priority and Emerging Organic Micropollutants in Aquatic Ecosystems. Since 1 August 2019 she is a researcher at the Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP-CNR), as Head of the Secondary Office (RSS) in Rome (ISP Montelibretti and ISP Tor Vergata).
Scientific interests:
Study of the environmental behaviour of organic micro- and macro-pollutants in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in temperate and polar areas, from the recognition of the sources, to the dynamics of diffusion, to the environmental impact. Particular attention was paid to hazardous and priority pollutants, according to the WFD (including PAHs, PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites, PBDEs), endocrine disruptors (steroid hormones, surfactant metabolites, plasticizers) and emerging contaminants (pharmaceutical residues, antibiotics, personal care products, fragrances, perfluorinated compounds, new generation pesticides).
The research activities are aimed at:

- development and validation of advanced analytical methodologies (GC-MS, LC-MS and LC-MS / MS) for the characterization and monitoring of classes of organic pollutants in different environmental compartments (sea water, river water, ground water, wastewater, sediments, suspended particles, soil, organisms);

- study of the diffusion dynamics of legacy and emerging organic contaminants in polar marine ecosystems (Arctic, Antarctica) and their distribution in the atmosphere / ice / sea / sediment / biota compartments as a function of seasonal and climatic changes;

- partition studies of contaminants (speciation and bioavailability); accumulation / bioaccumulation / biomagnification; persistence and transformation (abiotic and biotic degradation), interaction and possible effects on the biological sphere at different trophic levels (microorganisms, organisms); ecotoxicological effects due to multiple contamination;

- circulation and physical-chemical characterization of organic matter in marine and transitional environments.

He has participated in over 25 oceanographic and sampling campaigns in the Mediterranean and Arctic environments.
Author of 60 ISI international publications, 70 publications / contributions with ISSN or ISBN, over 50 Technical Reports / National and International Project Reports.

Scopus - Author ID: 6507972161 Research Gate

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Monday, 12 October 2020 16:48

Oceanography

The oceans and the polar seas are studied for their physio-chemical and biological properties, their water mass circulation patterns, their exchange of heat and energy with the atmosphere and the geological processes that are active in the different oceanic basins that contribute to the deposition of marine sediments.

Scientists at the Institute of Polar Sciences deal with several aspects of oceanography in the polar seas:

Physical and chemical oceanography

The polar oceans are one of the most important elements driving global climate. Dense and cold waters produced at high latitudes spread throughout the oceans and contribute to the global ocean Conveyor Belt. These water masses transport both heat and dissolved substances, gases and particles around the globe, significantly affecting the overall composition of the oceans and, ultimately, the Earth's climate. The chemical composition of water masses flowing in the polar seas, including their trace elements, organic compounds, stable and radiogenic isotope composition, allows us to evaluate the relationships between the different water masses (e.g. old vs. recently ventilated waters) and improve our understanding of the underlying processes. These data will then be used by climate modelers to tune and refine model parameters to improve understanding of the interactions between the water masses and improve our knowledge of the overall global climate system.

Biological oceanography

The relationships between the abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem generate a cyclical flow of matter in the epipelagic environment, which is driven by solar radiation and can be modified by natural and/or anthropogenic causes. Low temperatures and the absence of light in the meso- and bathypelagic zones are not limiting factors for life, including in the benthic habitat. The long polar night heavily affects life under the seasonal sea ice by reducing the supply of organic matter for the marine food web, which is forced to migrate during the winter months. In spring, the sea ice becomes the template habitat for a number of autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. After melting, it releases a significant amount of essential nutrients and organic matter and promotes the fertilization of the sea. In summer, the marine trophic web participates in the transfer of organic matter towards the mainland, by partially contributing to the terrestrial food web in coastal areas.

Paleoceanography

Marine sediment cores collected in the polar regions represent a unique climate archive for studying recent global changes and past variations. The study of these archives can shed new light on the impact of different natural forcings, including sea ice extent, ocean productivity and volcanic eruptions, on the climatic evolution of our planet. One of the major topics in the climate change studies is the ability to discriminate between the natural variability of the climate system and the anthropogenic influence. Paleoceanography uses biological, physical and geochemical proxies which are measurable descriptors for key environmental variables. In particular, the analysis of trace elements, stable and radiogenic isotopes, organic compounds and biogenic silica in marine sedimentary archives and in biogenic carbonates (foraminifera, cold-water corals, barnacles) enables us to reconstruct past variations in seawater temperature, salinity, carbon cycle, sea ice extent, productivity, circulation and ventilation of the polar oceans. In addition, a better understanding of the natural climate variability through the acquisition of paleoceanographic data and the comparison with model simulations, helps us to improve the performance of predictive climate models. The Institute of Polar Sciences is actively involved in the acquisition of high resolution paleoceanographic records in the Ross Sea and in different regions of the Arctic Ocean as well as the development of new geochemical proxies for paleoclimate-related studies in the polar regions during the Quaternary.

Photo by Leonardo Langone (CNR-ISP) - Laminated sediments taken from the Bay of Edisto (Ross Sea)

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Monday, 12 October 2020 16:40

The ice-breaker R/V Laura Bassi

In 2019, thanks to a dedicated funding program by the Ministry of University and Research (MUR), Italy acquired a research ship with ice-breaking capabilities to conduct research activities in the polar regions. The research vessel was named after Laura Bassi, the first woman in the world to obtain an official academic professorship, and she did this at the University of Bologna in the 18th century.

The vessel is owned by the National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS) in Trieste and receives funds to conduct research activities from the National Research Program in Antarctica (PNRA). It also serves the polar scientific community thanks to an agreement between the major Research Institutes in Italy working in the polar regions and those managing the polar infrastructures (OGS, CNR and ENEA). The use of the R/V Laura Bassi has also been included in the strategic planning of the Italian Arctic Research Program (PRA).

The R/V Laura Bassi made its first expedition to the Ross Sea (Antarctica) in the austral summer of 2019-2020.
An extensive instrumental upgrade to the vessel is currently underway, with the contribution of the ISP staff, to convert it into a modern multipurpose scientific platform that can serve different scientific communities working on various research fields, including physical, chemical and biological oceanography, paleoceanography, geophysics, marine geology and atmospheric physics and chemistry.

For more information please refer to the OGS website.

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Monday, 12 October 2020 16:29

Mario Zucchelli Station (MZS)

Mario Zucchelli Station (MZS) is located at 74° 41′ S, 164° 6′ E, sitting on a granite promontory in Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea - Antarctica) at 15 m above sea level.
The station was named in memory of Eng. Mario Zucchelli who coordinated the ENEA Unit for Antarctica (ENEA-UTA) for sixteen years. MZS has been operating since 1985 during the austral summer and supports all the research activities planned by the National Research Program in Antarctica (PNRA).
For more information refer to the www.pnra.aq website.

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